The relevance of the chosen research topic is determined by the insufficient study of the features of the organization of school students’ research work in a foreign language (FL). An analysis of literature on the issue has shown that researchers do not pay enough attention to finding ways of improving the quality of implementation of research activity in a FL. Careful involvement in research and consultation on the issue, a wide coverage of school students of different age groups, a variety of areas and topics of research of schoolchildren in foreign languages provide the authors of the article with significant material for analysis and formulation of recommendations within the framework of the research. Based on the analysis of theoretical literature, the authors generalized and clarified the concept of “research activity” of schoolchildren in foreign languages, the stages and forms of its implementation. The extensive empirical material accumulated by the authors in the course of many years of work as members of the jury of research conferences for schoolchildren allowed the authors to reveal the most typical mistakes in the research work of schoolchildren in FL that is the research topic relevance, research methodology, contents and presentation. The authors also determined the conditions for increasing the effectiveness of research work of students. The materials of the article, as well as methodological recommendations for improving the quality of school students’ research works in a foreign language may be of interest both within the framework of organizing a research at school, and for building the students’ skills of conducting а research in a foreign language, in general.

The present article focuses on the analysis of the “bell” image’s transformation within the Ellis’ translation of “The Broken Bell” by Charles Baudelaire. While considering the context of both poets and comparing the different ways in which the image of the “bell” was used in other poetical works, it is possible to understand how Ellis changes this melancholic image by focusing more on the description of visual aspects. Also, throughout this research, several representations of the bell in melancholic contexts are presented, to show how certain characteristics, that are usually attached to this image, like its material or colour, are often repeated and change how the image is interpreted in Ellis’ time. Through the analysis of his translation process, it is possible to see what were exactly the changes that he made in order to reconstruct the melancholic images in Baudelaire’s poem and at the same time create a new melancholic atmosphere, that was closer to what would later be his own poetical works.

Political communication is a complex process that involves various strategies and methods of influencing the target audience. This article highlights the study of communicative approaches in political discourse, emphasising the importance of mitigation and positive image building in achieving political goals. The article examines the means of mitigation employed by political actors to maintain an amicable atmosphere. Particular attention is paid to lexical and grammatical techniques aimed at softening statements containing threats or criticism.

The study demonstrates that the use of passive voice, depersonalisation, modal adverbs and other strategies help politicians to achieve mutual understanding and agreement. It also examines the use of indirect requests, interrogative sentences, permissive questions and softened speech acts in parliamentary discourse. The study is important for understanding the mechanisms of polite communication and interaction in the political sphere, especially in the formal contexts of parliamentary debates. Analysing different mitigation strategies reveals ways of maintaining respectful relations between political actors and adhering to protocol in parliament. Generalised conclusions are drawn from the study of a variety of communicative techniques and their impact on the effectiveness of political debate and decision-making processes. The study of the phenomenon of mitigation in political discourse can contribute to more harmonious and productive communication between political actors and improve the quality of political processes.

This article is devoted to the linguoculturological and linguoaxiological analysis of the Karachay-Balkarian documentary film discourse on the topic of deportation. The purpose of the analysis is to determine the tools for representing the category of derogativeness in the lexical units of an authentic film text. The material of the study was the film text of the documentary film "Khorlatmaz adam esi". The relevance of the work is justified by the growth in the volume of film production both in Russia and around the world, and, consequently, the growing interest of linguists in the corresponding type of discourse. The study is based on the understanding that, regardless of the language being studied, film discourse is a valuable resource of knowledge that has a high linguocultural significance. The theoretical part of the article discusses the concepts of the category of derogativity, the most common means of representing the category of derogativity, lists the main types and genres of film discourse, and provides a historical background of the events that formed the basis of the plot of the analyzed film text. The practical part describes the linguo-axiological and linguo-culturological analysis of lexical units identified by the continuous sampling method. The study also involved morphological, semantic, conceptual types of analysis. As a result of the analysis, emotionally colored lexical units were identified, the derogativeness of which is realized in various ways. The selected units attract attention not only for their derogativeness, but also for their important role in the implementation of basic concepts as part of the precedent world of DEPORTATION.

The aim of this article is to study the specifics of translating the political speeches of the current French President Emmanuel Macron, namely, to identify the range of translation techniques in conveying typical lexical and stylistic means of expression. The material for the study was E. Macron's political speeches (and their translation into Russian) delivered by him during his official visit to Russia (St. Petersburg, 24-25 May 2018, Konstantinovsky Palace). E. Macron led the French delegation at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, where the French side was invited as a guest of honour. This study is at the intersection of political linguistics, discourse analysis and translation studies; the methods of contextual-interpretation, pragmatic, quantitative and translation analysis were applied. In the result it was revealed that at the lexical level, Macron's political discourse is characterised by an abundance of synonymous series, antonymous constructions and evaluative words. The most frequent lexico-grammatical transformations in translation were: modulation, semantic development, substitutions, additions, antonymic translation, with the main strategy aimed at preserving the structural and semantic, pragmatical peculiarities of the original.

The issues of integration of English terms in the context of sports terminology in the Russian language at the time being remain poorly studied and require close attention and an ana- lytical approach. The article describes methods of translating modern Anglicisms on sports topics in the Russian language in the period from 2000 to 2020. More than 2,500 Anglicisms were extracted and examined using a continuous sampling method from monolingual, bilingual explanatory and sports terminological dictionaries and the media. Based on the systemic-structural method of trans- lation, the authors for the first time proposed their own classification of methods for transforming modern Anglicisms in the Russian language. The article highlights the main types of translation and borrowed vocabulary: phonetic, transliteration, tracing and combined and preserved forms. The re- sults of the analysis of the material show a pronounced quantitative discrepancy between the types of borrowed vocabulary in the recipient language. The study found that phonetic translation is the most productive method of transformation - 51% of the studied units, while tracing turned out to be the least active – only 6%. In the future, it seems promising to conduct the research and develop the standards for translating sports English terms into Russian, which will contribute to a correct under- standing of sports terminology and ensure mutually beneficial international interaction.

The paper deals with one of the most debatable issues of modern Chinese studies in Russia, that is the question of naming and classifying such a grammatical phenomenon of the Chinese language as a complement. The authors, through a survey among the 3rd year students of Moscow City University who study the Chinese language within the programs “Linguistics”, “Oriental and African Studies” and “Pedagogical Education”, clearly illustrate the problem of terminological pluralism in Chinese studies in Russia concerning the complement and its types. As a result of the analysis of Chinese-language textbooks and learning aids, it is noted that all Chinese authors mostly use the same Chinese term for the grammatical phenomenon of complement and propose a coherent classification of its types. The analysis of Russian-language Chinese textbooks and learning aids, on the contrary, demonstrates an incredible diversity of viewpoints regarding the terms to denote a complement and the set of its types. In conclusion, the authors presents the recommended Russian-language term for the Chinese complement and the most successful variant of classifying its types within the framework of Russian-language Chinese textbooks and learning aids.

The article presents a fragment of a comparative structural and semantic analysis of Russian and Turkish phraseological units with language/dil components, which have fixed the figurative interpretation of the interpersonal communication process in languages. Associative models of building such stable turns are revealed and prototypical situations motivating the actual meaning of phraseology are described. The most typical of them are considered. The illustrative material demonstrates universal and ethnically marked phraseological images, through which a description of speech activity is given. It is established that due to the universal nature and sociocultural significance of communication in society in Russian and Turkish phraseology, phrases with the components language /dil reflect the same assessment of different aspects of the speech process, as well as ethical norms of communication. There are also full equivalents in the languages being compared. Phraseological units that have consolidated the norms and ethical attitudes of interpersonal communication, which are significant for Russians and Turks, consolidate their collective socio-cultural and communicative experience and are transmitted as cultural values to subsequent generations of native speakers. The results of this study can be used in university practice in the study of Russian and Turkish phraseology, as well as in lexicographic practice in the compilation of bilingual dictionaries.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the communicative categories of authority and egocentrism. The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficient knowledge of communicative categories, the lack of a unified approach to their interpretation in Russian linguistics. The main goal is to demonstrate that the communicative category of authority can serve as a means of identifying egocentrism in communicative interaction. The article defines the concept of "communicative category" based on Russian scientists’ researches, offers a brief review of researches devoted to the study of the category of authority, analyzes the means of its expression, which can be considered as markers of authority and egocentrism both. The research is based on the material of scientific discourse. Fragments of speeches at scientific conferences, contexts of scientific publications, excerpts from reviews of opponents, contexts from the National Corpus of the Russian language are used as examples. The main markers (identifiers) of authority and egocentrism, which are highlighted and described in the article, include a reference to one's own self, a reference to authority, special expressiveness, a pretentious style of speech, and its excessive emotional coloring. The conclusion about the complexity and versatility of the interrelationships between egocentrism and authority in the communicative space of scientific discourse is made.

Instantial transformations of a phraseological unit directly depend on the discourse with actualizers that contribute to changing the semantics of the basic unit. It is necessary to study systematically the ways of changing the meaning of the unit in the discourse to understand the mechanism of instantial transformations, to distinguish them from the erroneous use of a phraseological unit, which determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of this study is to analyze ways of actualizing the direct meaning of the components of a phraseological unit in the context when instantial transformation takes place. The novelty of the research consists of an attempt to systematize the types of actualizations of the direct meaning of a phraseological unit, taking into account the instantial structural changes of phraseological units in the context. Instantial phraseological units, selected from the works of Russian and English literature of the XX and XXI centuries, are the material of the study. Research methods include contextual analysis method, continuous sampling method, comparative method, methods of phraseological identification and phraseological description. Discourse transformation of phraseological units is based on partial or complete actualization of the direct meaning of the components. When updating the direct meaning of the PU components, free lexemes and methods of contextual implementation of the PU can act as actualizers, such as repetition (the most frequent method), substitution and ellipses of the phraseological unit.